21 results
Coronavirus disease 2019 is associated with long-term depressive symptoms in Spanish older adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome
- Sangeetha Shyam, Carlos Gómez-Martínez, Indira Paz-Graniel, José J. Gaforio, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Dolores Corella, Montserrat Fitó, J. Alfredo Martínez, Ángel M. Alonso-Gómez, Julia Wärnberg, Jesús Vioque, Dora Romaguera, José López-Miranda, Ramon Estruch, Francisco J. Tinahones, José Manuel Santos-Lozano, J. Luís Serra-Majem, Aurora Bueno-Cavanillas, Josep A. Tur, Vicente Martín Sánchez, Xavier Pintó, María Ortiz Ramos, Josep Vidal, Maria Mar Alcarria, Lidia Daimiel, Emilio Ros, Fernando Fernandez-Aranda, Stephanie K. Nishi, Oscar García Regata, Estefania Toledo, Jose V. Sorli, Olga Castañer, Antonio Garcia-Rios, Rafael Valls-Enguix, Napoleon Perez-Farinos, M. Angeles Zulet, Elena Rayó-Gago, Rosa Casas, Mario Rivera-Izquierdo, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Miguel Damas-Fuentes, Pilar Buil-Cosiales, Rebeca Fernández-Carrion, Albert Goday, Patricia J. Peña-Orihuela, Laura Compañ-Gabucio, Javier Diez-Espino, Susanna Tello, Ana González-Pinto, Víctor de la O, Miguel Delgado-Rodríguez, Nancy Babio, Jordi Salas-Salvadó
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 54 / Issue 3 / February 2024
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 September 2023, pp. 620-630
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Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has serious physiological and psychological consequences. The long-term (>12 weeks post-infection) impact of COVID-19 on mental health, specifically in older adults, is unclear. We longitudinally assessed the association of COVID-19 with depression symptomatology in community-dwelling older adults with metabolic syndrome within the framework of the PREDIMED-Plus cohort.
MethodsParticipants (n = 5486) aged 55–75 years were included in this longitudinal cohort. COVID-19 status (positive/negative) determined by tests (e.g. polymerase chain reaction severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, IgG) was confirmed via event adjudication (410 cases). Pre- and post-COVID-19 depressive symptomatology was ascertained from annual assessments conducted using a validated 21-item Spanish Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). Multivariable linear and logistic regression models assessed the association between COVID-19 and depression symptomatology.
ResultsCOVID-19 in older adults was associated with higher post-COVID-19 BDI-II scores measured at a median (interquartile range) of 29 (15–40) weeks post-infection [fully adjusted β = 0.65 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15–1.15; p = 0.011]. This association was particularly prominent in women (β = 1.38 points, 95% CI 0.44–2.33, p = 0.004). COVID-19 was associated with 62% increased odds of elevated depression risk (BDI-II ≥ 14) post-COVID-19 when adjusted for confounders (odds ratio; 95% CI 1.13–2.30, p = 0.008).
ConclusionsCOVID-19 was associated with long-term depression risk in older adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome, particularly in women. Thus, long-term evaluations of the impact of COVID-19 on mental health and preventive public health initiatives are warranted in older adults.
A review on interventions for psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: which treatments improve outcome?
- J. Simas, O. Nombora, C. Rio
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 65 / Issue S1 / June 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 September 2022, pp. S396-S397
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Introduction
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), the most common conversion disorder, are episodic alterations in behaviour that resemble epileptic seizures without its characteristic EEG changes. PNES presumably reflect a physical manifestation of underlying psychological distress and can be as disabling as epilepsy. Standardized treatment approaches for PNES care are lacking.
ObjectivesOur aim is to review the literature for therapeutic interventions in PNES.
MethodsA literature search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE database for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effect(s) of specific intervention(s) in patients with PNES. Search terms were “psychogenic-nonepileptic-seizures” and selection was based on the abstracts of all the studies retrieved. Priority outcome was frequency of PNES.
ResultsWe identified 8 eligible RCTs. Samples ranged from 19 to 82 patients. Follow-up periods varied from 6 weeks to 18 months. Regarding reduction of PNES frequency, several interventions were effective: motivational interviewing combined with psychotherapy; cognitive behavioural therapy informed psychotherapy (CBT-ip); combination of CBT-ip and sertraline; immediate withdrawal of antiepileptic drugs after PNES diagnosis; a standardized diagnostic approach associated with psychiatric inpatient consultation. Treatment with sertraline alone and brief educational interventions didn’t reduce PNES frequency significantly. Beside PNES rate reduction, most interventions conveyed some type of benefit such as improvement in quality of life, mood or functionality.
ConclusionsThe majority of the beneficial interventions included a structured communicational approach and/or psychotherapeutic treatment. Our analysis highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary strategy that includes psychotherapy. Further studies with larger samples and longer follow-up periods are needed to robustly inform evidence-based treatment for PNES.
DisclosureNo significant relationships.
Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale in Paraguayan population
- I. Barrios, C. Ríos-González, M. O’Higgins, I. González-Urbieta, O. García, J. Almirón-Santacruz, R. Navarro, O. Melgarejo, N. Ruiz Díaz, J. M. Castaldelli-Maia, A. Ventriglio, J. Torales
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- Journal:
- Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine / Volume 38 / Issue 4 / December 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 02 February 2021, pp. 266-271
- Print publication:
- December 2021
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Objective:
The aim of this study is to test the psychometric properties of the Spanish validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in a Paraguayan population.
Methods:Participants were recruited through an Internet-based survey. All participants whose scores in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and The Fear Questionnaire (FQ) were greater than zero were included. 1245 subjects responded voluntarily: 1077 subjects, scoring >0, were considered.
Results:To establish construct validity of the FCV-19S, an exploratory factor analysis was performed using the KMO test, which was adequate, and the Bartlett sphericity test, which was significant (p <.0001). The CFI, NFI, GFI, TLI and RMSEA indices were used to evaluate the model and showed good adjustment. Cronbach’s α showed valid internal consistency (α = 0.86). This validation was supported by significant correlation (p <.001) with the HADS scale for anxiety and depression and with the FQ scale for specific phobia.
Conclusions:The Spanish version of the FCV-19S is a 7-item scale with two dimensions, psychological symptoms and physiological symptoms, which demonstrated robust psychometric properties in a Paraguayan population.
Management of healthcare personnel living with hepatitis B, hepatitis C, or human immunodeficiency virus in US healthcare institutions
- Part of
- David K. Henderson, Louise-Marie Dembry, Costi D. Sifri, Tara N. Palmore, E. Patchen Dellinger, Deborah S. Yokoe, Christine Grady, Theo Heller, David Weber, Carlos del Rio, Neil O. Fishman, Valerie M. Deloney, Tammy Lundstrom, Hilary M. Babcock
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- Journal:
- Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology / Volume 43 / Issue 2 / February 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 14 October 2020, pp. 147-155
- Print publication:
- February 2022
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EPA-1652 – Sexuality and Emotional Life in People with Severe Long-term Mental Disorders
- A.L. Montejo, C. Montero Fernandez, J. Pol Rodriguez, I. Esquer Terrazas, O. Romero del Río, L.C. Fernandez Martin, V. Dutil Muñoz, J.A. Alonso, A. Martín, V. Gomez Warletta
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 29 / Issue S1 / 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 15 April 2020, p. 1
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Sexuality and emotional life are rarely focus on attention in people suffering from severe long-term mental diseases like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
Methods53 patients and 47 matched controls were studied using a new questionnaire (SEXSAM Scale) measuring relevance of sexual and emotional relationships in patients’ daily life. A specific Psychotropic-Related Sexual Dysfunction Questionnaire (PRSexDQ-SALSEX Montejo 2001-2008), Sexual Activity Assessment Scale modified from Kinsey (Montejo 2006) and the HONOS Scale measuring bio-psychosocial functioning were also applied.
ResultsSexuality (physic and emotional) was scored as high valuable and the main motivation for sexual activity was looking for love and fondness in both groups. No differences were found in the value of more affective behaviours such as kissing, caressing, hugging or massaging. Global satisfaction in sexual and emotional life was significantly superior in control group and linked to the higher frequency of sexual relations. Many patients suffered for sexual dysfunction related to the treatment use and many of then were dissatisfied with their sexual life. Just a few numbers of patients had regular sexual intercourses. Patients describe an improvement in the self-perception of mood, appetite, sleep, anxiety level, humour sense and self-esteem when they have sexual relations. Predominant sexual activity for patients was masturbation. Prostitution use was higher in patient group. All these findings are negatively influencing personal satisfaction and quality of life.
ConclusionRelevance of sexual and emotional life in patients is as high as in normal population. These patients are more concerned about affection and companionship than about physical pleasure.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: Case report and literature review
- R. Martín Gutierrez, R. Medina Blanco, P. Suarez Pinilla, R. Landera Rodriguez, M. Juncal Ruiz, I. Madrazo del Río Hortega, M. Gómez Revuelta, O. Porta Olivares, J. González Gómez, J. Vázquez Bourgon, R. Hernando Fernández
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S564
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Introduction
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is an uncommon but potentially fatal adverse effect of neuroleptic, both classic and atypical drugs.
ObjectiveTo review the incidence, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and treatment of NMS.
AimWe have described the case of a man of 32 years of age diagnosed with bipolar disorder treated with lithium. He precised high-dose corticosteroids after having tonsillitis. Then, he presented manic decompensation requiring neuroleptic treatment (oral risperidone). After 72 hours, he presented an episode characterized by muscular rigidity, fever, altered mental status and autonomic dysfunction. Life support measures and suspension of neuroleptic treatment were required.
MethodsA literature review of the NMS was performed using the PubMed database.
ResultsThe frequency of NMS ranges from 0.02 to 2.4%. The pathophysiology is not clearly understood but the blockade of dopamine receptors seems to be the central mechanism. Some of the main risk factors described are: being a young adult, the concomitant use of lithium and metabolic causes, among others. NMS occurs most often during the first week of treatment or after increasing the dosage of the neuroleptic medication. Some issues of NMS are those related with diagnosis, treatment and reintroduction of antipsychotic treatment or not.
ConclusionsNMS can be difficult to diagnose due to the variability in the clinical symptoms and presentation. Because of it diagnosis is of exclusion, clinicians should always take it into consideration when a patient is treating with neuroleptic, especially when the dosage has been recently increased. NMS is a clinical emergency.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Steroid-induced psychiatric syndromes: A case report and a review of the literature
- R. Martín Gutierrez, P. Suarez Pinilla, R. Medina Blanco, R. Landera Rodriguez, M. Juncal Ruiz, M. Gómez Revuelta, I. Madrazo del Río Hortega, O. Porta Olivares, J. González Gómez, R. Hernando Fernández
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, p. S694
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Introduction
Glucocorticoids are widely prescribed for a variety of diseases and are known to cause neuropsychiatric as well as somatic side effects.
ObjectiveTo review the incidence, clinical characteristics, course and treatment of neuropsychiatric effects of glucocorticoids.
AimWe have described the case of a 86-year-old woman. She had no personal and no psychiatric medical history in her family. She presented wrist arthritis requiring high doses of an oral corticoid treatment (prednisona 20 mg/d). After a week, she started with symptoms characterised by persecutory and surveillance delusions. Organicity was ruled out. The patient got a progressive recovery after starting anti-psychotic medication and progressive reduction of the steroid drugs.
MethodsWe have performed a literature review of the neuropsychiatric complications of glucocorticoids using the PubMed database.
ResultsNeuropsychiatric effects of glucocorticoids involve affective, behavioural, and cognitive manifestations. The incidence is variable, between 2 and 60% of patients who receive steroids. Although the effects of glucocorticoids are unpredictable, the administered dose is the most significant risk factor for the development of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Dosage reduction typically results in clinical recovery. Although the limited data on this subject, it is a problem that clinicians face on their regular basis. The administration of anti-psychotics or mood stabilizers may be beneficial in the prevention and treatment of this syndrome.
ConclusionThe neuropsychiatric effects of glucocorticoids are unpredictable and non-specific. More controlled trials are needed in order to perform evidence-based clinical guidelines for the treatment with glucocorticoids and for the prevention of neuropsychiatric manifestations.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Use of atomoxetine in eating disorders. A case report
- R. Landera Rodríguez, M. Juncal Ruiz, L. Sánchez Blanco, G. Pardo de Santayana Jenaro, O. Porta Olivares, M. Gómez Revuelta, I. Madrazo del Río Hortega, M. Pérez Herrera, D. Abejas Díez, J. González Gomez
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. S554-S555
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Introduction
Eating disorders (EDs) are an important public health problem and not all patients respond adequately to psychotherapy. In the last decade, researchers report a significant comorbidity of EDs and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), especially binge eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. Some studies postulate the hypothesis of a common neurobiological substrate, such as noradrenergic pathways among others.
ObjectivesTo revise the possible use of atomoxetine, a highly selective noradrenergic reuptake inhibitor, for the treatment of EDs.
MethodsWe describe the effect of atomoxetine in a young woman with purging disorder and history of ADHD in childhood added to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT).
Resultspatient had selective/restrictive eating behaviours, daily purges and occasional binges for last five years. At age 14 she was diagnosed with ADHD by impulsivity/aggressiveness and poor school performance, but she did not take drugs and left medical consultations. She came to our specific unit of EDs in november-2015. Her BMI was 24.88 kg/m2. We initiated CBT and atomoxetine (80 mg/day). In this first year of treatment binges and purges have disappeared and exposure to new foods and body image have improved partially. We found clear improvement in mood, motivation and attention/concentration in relation with introduction of atomoxetine. These facts have positive impact on the clinical evolution. Her current BMI is 26.90 kg/m2.
ConclusionsIdentify comorbid ADHD to assess the use of specific drugs for this disorder could be beneficial in the treatment and prognosis of EDs. However, more studies are needed to determine effectivenes, particularly of non-stimulant drugs.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
The impact of Cannabis in Schizophrenia: Pafip Three-year Longitudinal Study on Outcome and Functionality After a First Episode of Psychosis
- M. Gomez Revuelta, M. Juncal Ruiz, O. Porta Olivares, M. Fernández Rodríguez, D. Abejas Díez, L. Sánchez Blanco, R. Landera Rodríguez, R. Medina Blanco, B. Crespo Facorro, I. Madrazo Del Río Hortega, R. Gutierrez Martin
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- European Psychiatry / Volume 41 / Issue S1 / April 2017
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 23 March 2020, pp. S136-S137
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Introduction
The association between cannabis and psychosis makes crucial the intervention on cannabis use disorder at first episodes of psychosis (FEP), especially among young population. In this group of patients, the harmful potential of cannabis is more evident by its influence on neurodevelopment. However, the nature of the association cannabis-psychosis is not clearly described. It seems to represent a mediating factor for an increased risk of psychosis in healthy and high-risk populations, determining an earlier age of onset and worsening long term outcome.
ObjectivesTo assess the impact of cannabis in terms of functional and clinical prognosis in patients recruited after a FEP.
Material and methodsPAFIP is an early intervention program for early stages of psychosis. One hundred and sixty-three were included, followed-up at regular intervals of six months for three years with administration of clinical and functional scales (BPRS, SAPS, SANS, CDRS, GAF and Drake). Patients were divided into three groups: (1) those non-users neither before the onset nor during follow-up (nn) PEP, (2) consumers before the FEP and during follow-up (ss) and (3) consumers before the FEP that gave up consumption during follow-up (sn).
ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed in terms of functionality at three-year follow-up endpoint but a trend to a better-preserved functionality in the sn group. The sn group presented lower scores in scales for positive symptoms with respect to the comparison groups.
ConclusionsThe interruption in cannabis use may have a beneficial effect on short-term clinical prognosis and functionality on long term.
Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Ground-based remote-sensing techniques for diagnosis of the current state and recent evolution of the Monte Perdido Glacier, Spanish Pyrenees
- J. I. LÓPEZ-MORENO, E. ALONSO-GONZÁLEZ, O. MONSERRAT, L. M. DEL RÍO, J. OTERO, J. LAPAZARAN, G. LUZI, N. DEMATTEIS, A. SERRETA, I. RICO, E. SERRANO-CAÑADAS, M. BARTOLOMÉ, A. MORENO, S. BUISAN, J. REVUELTO
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- Journal:
- Journal of Glaciology / Volume 65 / Issue 249 / February 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 December 2018, pp. 85-100
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This work combines very detailed measurements from terrestrial laser scanner (TLS), ground-based interferometry radar (GB-SAR) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to diagnose current conditions and to analyse the recent evolution of the Monte Perdido Glacier in the Spanish Pyrenees from 2011 to 2017. Thus, this is currently one of the best monitored small glacier (<0.5 km2) worldwide. The evolution of the glacier surface was surveyed with a TLS evidencing an important decline of 6.1 ± 0.3 m on average, with ice losses mainly concentrated over 3 years (2012, 2015 and 2017). Ice loss is unevenly distributed throughout the study period, with 10–15 m thinning in some areas while unchanged areas in others. GB-SAR revealed that areas with higher ice losses are those that are currently with no or very low ice motion. In contrast, sectors located beneath the areas with less ice loss are those that still exhibit noticeable ice movement (average 2–4.5 cm d─1 in summer, and annual movement of 9.98 ma─1 from ablation stakes data). GPR informed that ice thickness was generally <30 m, though locally 30–50 m. Glacier thinning is still accelerating and will lead to extinction of the glacier over the next 50 years.
Proteomic profile associated with cell death induced by androgens in Taenia crassiceps cysticerci: proposed interactome
- J.R. Ambrosio, M.I. Palacios-Arreola, D.G. Ríos-Valencia, O. Reynoso-Ducoing, K.E. Nava-Castro, P. Ostoa-Saloma, J. Morales-Montor
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- Journal:
- Journal of Helminthology / Volume 93 / Issue 5 / September 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 August 2018, pp. 539-547
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Androgens have been shown to exert a cysticidal effect upon Taenia crassiceps, an experimental model of cysticercosis. To further inquire into this matter, the Taenia crassiceps model was used to evaluate the expression of several proteins after testosterone (T4) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in vitro treatment. Under 2-D proteomic maps, parasite extracts were resolved into approximately 130 proteins distributed in a molecular weight range of 10–250 kDa and isoelectrical point range of 3–10. The resultant proteomic pattern was analysed, and significant changes were observed in response to T4 and DHT. Based on our experience with electrophoretic patterns and proteomic maps of cytoskeletal proteins, alteration in the expression of isoforms of actin, tubulin and paramyosin and of other proteins was assessed. Considering that androgens may exert their biological activity in taeniids through the non-specific progesterone receptor membrane component (PGRMC), we harnessed bioinformatics to propose the identity of androgen-regulated proteins and establish their hypothetical physiological role in the parasites. These analyses yield a possible explanation of how androgens exert their cysticidal effects through changes in the expression of proteins involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement, dynamic vesicular traffic and transduction of intracellular signals.
Seasonality of above-ground net primary productivity along an Andean altitudinal transect in Peru
- C. A. J. Girardin, Y. Malhi, K. J. Feeley, J. M. Rapp, M. R. Silman, P. Meir, W. Huaraca Huasco, N. Salinas, M. Mamani, J. E. Silva-Espejo, K. García Cabrera, W. Farfan Rios, D. B. Metcalfe, C. E. Doughty, L. E. O. C. Aragão
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- Journal of Tropical Ecology / Volume 30 / Issue 6 / November 2014
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 August 2014, pp. 503-519
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Solar irradiance and precipitation are the most likely drivers of the seasonal variation of net primary productivity (NPP) in tropical forests. Since their roles remain poorly understood, we use litter traps, dendrometer bands and census data collected from one hectare permanent plots to quantify the seasonality of above-ground NPP components and weather parameters in 13 sites distributed along a 2800-m altitudinal gradient ranging from lowland Amazonia to the high Andes. We combine canopy leaf area index and litterfall data to describe the seasonality of canopy production. We hypothesize that solar irradiance is the primary driver of canopy phenology in wetter sites, whereas precipitation drives phenology in drier systems. The seasonal rhythm of canopy NPP components is in synchrony with solar irradiance at all altitudes. Leaf litterfall peaks in the late dry season, both in lowland (averaging 0.54 ± 0.08 Mg C ha y−1, n = 5) and montane forests (averaging 0.29 ± 0.04 Mg C ha y−1, n = 8). Peaks in above-ground coarse woody NPP appears to be triggered by the onset of rainfall in seasonal lowland rain forests (averaging 0.26 ± 0.04 Mg C ha y−1, n = 5, in November), but not in montane cloud forests.
Prognostic factors for secondary recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma: a 20-year, retrospective study
- O Malard, R Wagner, M Joubert, A-S Delemazure, E Rio, N Durand, F Espitalier
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- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 127 / Issue 9 / September 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 20 August 2013, pp. 902-907
- Print publication:
- September 2013
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Purpose:
To evaluate the results of treatment of parotid pleomorphic adenoma, and the risk factors for secondary recurrence.
Materials and methods:Single-centre, retrospective study of 32 patients with pleomorphic adenoma recurrence managed between 1988 and 2008.
Results:The mean age at diagnosis of primary pleomorphic adenoma recurrence was 43.4 years. Twenty-eight per cent of patients had secondary recurrence; 32 per cent had undergone two or more surgical resections and external adjuvant radiotherapy. An age of less than 25 years was significantly associated with an earlier primary recurrence (p = 0.008). The most significant histopathological risk factor for secondary recurrence was the presence of a multifocal tumour (p = 0.019). Other histopathological criteria (i.e. cellularity and capsule rupture) were not significant. Radiotherapy was not associated with a decrease in recurrence. Nine per cent of patients progressed to malignancy. The main surgical complication was definitive facial palsy (14 per cent).
Conclusion:Pleomorphic adenoma recurrence requires surgery, with greatly increased risk to the facial nerve. Resection with clear surgical margins is required, especially in young patients with multifocal tumours. Radiotherapy may delay second recurrence in cases of multifocal tumour.
Characterization of Retained Austenite and Carbides in Stainless Steel by Combined EBSD, EDS, and XRD
- C Parish, T Watkins, O Rios, G Mackiewicz-Ludtka, G Ludtka, O Cavin
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- Journal:
- Microscopy and Microanalysis / Volume 17 / Issue S2 / July 2011
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 08 April 2017, pp. 410-411
- Print publication:
- July 2011
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Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2011 in Nashville, Tennessee, USA, August 7–August 11, 2011.
Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. 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Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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CrATP as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases of trypanosomatids
- O. C. MOREIRA, P. F. RIOS, F. F. ESTEVES, J. R. MEYER-FERNANDES, H. BARRABIN
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- Journal:
- Parasitology / Volume 136 / Issue 1 / January 2009
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2009, pp. 35-44
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Trypanosomatid protozoa include heteroxenic species some of them pathogenic for men, animals and plants. Parasite membrane contains ecto-enzymes whose active sites face the external medium rather than the cytoplasm. Herpetomonas sp. displayed a Mg2+-dependent ecto-ATPase activity, a Mg-independent ecto-ADPase and an ecto-phosphatase activity. Both, the ecto-ADPase and phosphatase activities were insensitive to CrATP (chromium(III) adenosine 5′-triphosphate complex). Ecto-ATPase activity was reversibly inhibited. At 2 mm ATP the apparent Ki was 4·7±1·0 μm but a fraction of about 40–50% was insensitive to CrATP. Remarkably, at low substrate concentration (0·2 mm) more than 90% of the ecto-ATPase was inhibited with Ki=0·33±0·10 μm. These parameter dependences are interpreted as the presence of 2 ecto-ATPases activities, one of them with high ATP apparent affinity and sensitivity to CrATP. DIDS (4,4 diisothiocyanatostilbene 2,2′ disulfonic acid), suramin and ADP were also effective as inhibitors. Only ADP presented no additive inhibition with CrATP. The pattern of partial inhibition by CrATP was also observed for the ecto-ATPase activities of Leishmania amazonensis, Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. CrATP emerges as a new inhibitor of ecto-ATPases and as a tool for a better understanding of properties and role of ecto-ATPases in the biology of parasites.
Contributors
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- By Emily Abbey, Amelia Álvarez, Katia S. Amorim, Ayumu Arakawa, Guglielmo Bellelli, Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Steven D. Brown, Maria Alburquerque Candela, Jorge Castro-Tejerina, Nandita Chaudhary, Sang-Chin Choi, Michael Cole, William A. Corsaro, Alan Costall, Antonietta Curci, Agnes E. Dodds, Gerard Duveen, Yrjö Engeström, Silvia Español, William Mintz Fields, Alex Gillespie, Miguel Gonçalves, Michal Hamo, Gyuseog Han, Ulf Hedetoft, Sophie Hengl, Berit O. Johannesen, Kathryn A. Kavulich, Ayae Kido, Chung-Woon Kim, Jeanette A. Lawrence, Giovanna Leone, Keren Lilu, Eugene Matusov, David Middleton, Hazime Mizoguchi, Fathali M. Moghaddam, Piero Paolicchi, Adolfo Perinat, Pablo del Río, Cintia Rodríguez, Alberto Rosa, M. Clotilde Rossetti-Ferreira, João Salgado, Tatsuya Sato, E. Sue Savage-Rumbaugh, Pär Segerdahl, Jordi Serrallonga, Ana Paula S. Silva, Thomas Slunecko, Mark Smith, Noboru Takahashi, David Travieso, Jaan Valsiner, James V. Wertsch, Toshiya Yamamoto, Yuko Yasuda, Tania Zittoun
- Edited by Jaan Valsiner, Clark University, Massachusetts, Alberto Rosa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Handbook of Sociocultural Psychology
- Published online:
- 05 June 2012
- Print publication:
- 04 June 2007, pp xiii-xviii
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Simultaneous Cr(VI) Reduction and Naphthalene Oxidation in Aqueous Solutions by UV/TiO2
- Ricardo Guitierrez, Sergio o Flores, Omar Rios, Miguel Valenzuela
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 1045 / 2007
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 February 2011, 1045-V03-05
- Print publication:
- 2007
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The photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) and oxidation of naphthalene using UV light and TiO2 were investigated with variations in the pH and Cr (VI)/naphthalene ratio. The photochemical reduction of Cr (VI) single system was not observed, whereas the photochemical oxidation of naphthalene was significantly high. However, the reduction reaction rates of Cr (VI) and oxidation of naphthalene were improved in the system UV/TiO2. The removal of Cr (VI) decreased dramatically with increasing pH, in contrast, the naphthalene removal was not influenced by the pH. The presence of naphthalene functioned as a hole scavenger enhancing the photocatalytic reduction of Cr (VI) by the photogenerated electrons, while the removal of naphthalene was decreasing at increasing Cr (VI) content.
Shear-free turbulence near a flat free surface
- D. T. Walker, R. I. Leighton, L. O. Garza-Rios
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- Journal:
- Journal of Fluid Mechanics / Volume 320 / 10 August 1996
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 26 April 2006, pp. 19-51
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In this study the evolution of initially homogeneous and isotropic turbulence in the presence of a free surface was investigated. The Navier–Stokes equations were solved via direct pseudo-spectral simulation with a resolution of 963. The Reynolds number based on the volume-averaged turbulence kinetic energy and dissipation rate was 147. Periodic boundary conditions were used in two dimensions, and the top and bottom sides of the domain were flat and shear-free. A random, divergence-free velocity field with a prescribed spectrum was used as the initial condition. An ensemble of sixteen separate simulations was used to calculate statistics.
Near the surface, the Reynolds stresses are anisotropic and the anisotropy extends a distance from the surface roughly equal to the turbulent lengthscale. The tangential vorticity fluctuations also vanish near the surface, owing to the no-shear condition, causing a corresponding decrease in the fluctuating enstrophy. The thickness of the region in which the surface affects the vorticity distribution is roughly one-tenth the turbulent lengthscale. The stress anisotropy near the surface appears to be maintained by reduced dissipation for the tangential velocity fluctuations, reduced pressure–strain transfer from the tangential to surface-normal velocity fluctuations, and rapid decay of the surface-normal velocity fluctuations due to dissipation. The turbulence kinetic energy rises in the near-surface region owing to a decrease in dissipation at the surface. This decrease in dissipation results from the local reduction in enstrophy owing to the vanishing of the tangential vorticity fluctuations at the surface. At the free surface, the mean pressure rises. This is also due to the reduction in enstrophy.
While the tangential vorticity must vanish at the free surface, the flow is fully three-dimensional up to the surface and the production of surface-normal vorticity by vortex stretching attains a maximum at the free surface. The contribution to the total enstrophy by the surface-normal vorticity fluctuations remains relatively constant over depth. The production of the surface-normal enstrophy component due to vortex stretching is roughly balanced by turbulent transport of enstrophy away from the surface. Near the surface, there are elevated levels of production of tangential vorticity by both vortex-stretching and fluctuating shear strains.
Properties of 2D and 3D Dielectric Structures Fabricated by Electrochemical Dissolution of III-V Compounds
- I.M. Tiginyanu, S. Langa, M. Christophersen, J. Carstensen, V. Sergentu, E. Foca, O. Rios, H. Föll
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- Journal:
- MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive / Volume 692 / 2001
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 March 2011, K2.7.1
- Print publication:
- 2001
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Porous layers and membranes representing 2D and 3D dielectric structures were fabricated on different III-V compounds (GaAs, InP, GaP) by electrochemical etching techniques. Nonlithographically fabricated ordered nanopore arrays in InP are reported for the first time. We show that the reflectance from nanostructured InP is lower than that from bulk InP in the spectral interval 1.5–2.2 eV. The artificial anisotropy induced by nanotexturization was studied in porous GaP membranes and the refractive indices for ordinary and extraordinary beams were evaluated.